Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

引水调控改善太湖湖湾水环境及其效果预测

在总结太湖水污染问题的基础上,分析得出水流缓慢、动力掺混能力弱、水流交换不畅、水体自净能力差、纳污能力小、入湖污染负荷量大且远超过湖湾的纳污能力是梅梁湖湾水污染严重的主要原因,提出区域水污染综合治理、入湖污染物总量控制、引水调控等水污染防治策略及其关键控制技术,利用数值模拟技术给出了太湖梅梁湖湾入湖污染物排放总量控制定额,并结合引江济太调水试验,采用平面二维水流水质数学模型模拟预测引水调控对梅梁湖湾的水环境改善效果及大流量集中调水和小流量维持性调水的水环境     

中国八大经济区GPP变化及影响因子协同机制

以中国和八大综合经济区为研究区,全面分析人文因子、土地利用类型、气候因子和地形因子对植被总初级生产力(GPP)空间分异的影响差异.利用MODIS GPP数据、气象数据、土地利用类型、DEM数据、夜间灯光和人口密度数据等,基于Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验和地理探测器模型,在全国和经济区尺度上分析2000～2020年植被GPP时空变化特征,探测植被空间分异的影响因子及影响因子间的协同机制.结果表明,2000～2020年中国及八大经济区植被GPP整体呈波动上升趋势,呈上升趋势的区域占总面积的84.46%,其中,呈极显著上升区域占19.86%,主要分布在黄河中游综合经济区中部和大西北综合经济区东部.影响因子探测结果表明,湿度、日照时数、降水和土地利用类型是中国植被GPP空间分异的主要影响因子,其中,湿度的影响力最高,q值为0.64.经济区尺度上,湿度、日照时数、降水是影响东北、黄河中游、大西南和大西北综合经济区植被GPP空间分异的主导因子,而人文因子对东部和南部沿海综合经济区植被空间分异的影响较大.交互作用探测结果表明,中国植被GPP空间分异主要...     

上海城郊大棚蔬菜地土壤总硝化与反硝化作用研究

通过BaPS技术对上海城郊大棚蔬菜地土壤总硝化和反硝化作用速率进行了测定，利用因子分析对影响土壤硝化和反硝化的主要因素进行了分析，结果表明：各大棚蔬菜地土壤总硝化、反硝化速率差异性显著（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<001），其中土壤总硝化速率为17758～45726 Nug/kg·h，土壤反硝化速率为23151～415 Nug/kg·h，土壤总硝化作用速率与与土壤容重呈显著性负相关（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005），与硝态氮含量呈极显著性正相关（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<001），土壤反硝化作用与土壤含水量呈显著性正相关（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<005），与土壤有机质、硝态氮呈极显著性正相关（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗<001）。土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量、土壤硝态氮含量、土壤容重是影响土壤总硝化和反硝化作用的主要因素，四项指标能概括所测定全部指标包含信息的80%以上；土壤硝化作用和反硝化作用对土壤N2O排放的贡献率分别为475%、525%，土壤硝化和反硝化作用均对大棚蔬菜地土壤氮损失产生影响     

污染物总量控制空间动态管理初探

基于不同区域的环境要求,可将一个地区污染物总量控制分为禁止开发区、限制开发区和普通区.本文建立了普通区污染物总量控制目标值及变化值的计算方法,并将此方法具体应用到某市的污染物空间总量动态控制管理研究中.通过选取最佳分配方案,从而达到"经济发展最好、环境质量最优"的效果.     

Synthesis of Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) in Simulated Microgravity: An Investigation of Aeration Profiles in Shake Flask and Bioreactor

The microbial strain Azotobacter vinelandii UWD was grown under conditions of simulated microgravity in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Bioreactor. Bacterial growth in simulated microgravity differed significantly from that observed in conventional shake flask experiments: Cells tended to grow in a cluster-like pattern and polymer production started immediately after exposing them to conditions of simulated microgravity, and no lag time was observed. It was imperative to differentiate between the effects derived from microgravity and those imposed by the altered oxygen supply in the bioreactor. Aeration conditions were studied in both reactor types and a gas supply profile was developed for the bioreactor. This supply profile allowed for similar amounts of dissolved oxygen in the bioreactor and the shake flask in the initial stage of the fermentation and, therefore, for an evaluation of the effects of microgravity on biopolyester-producing bacteria. Since the optical density that is conventionally used as a measure for the cell growth could not be used due to the cluster-like growth pattern of the cells, it was determined that bacterial growth behavior in the bioreactor can be monitored through glucose or oxygen consumption.     

城市用水量需求调查、预测及节水对策

目前在各地供水规划工作中，首先需要预测确定供水总量，并且根据供水规划中确定的供水总量决定供水设施规模和建设投资总额，合理地安排供水系统设计工作，同时规划节水的对策与措施。本文针对我国现行的城市供水规划工程规范的使用情况，进行国内外城市供水量现状比较，并结合秦皇岛市的城市供水及城市节水各项措施运用的实际情况，对预测确定供水总量及节水问题，提出讨论和商榷。     

地震间接经济损失研究

对发生在我国大陆地区的20余次地震中相关的40多个地区地震前后的经济情况进行了统计分析,利用国内生产总值(GDP)的变化估计了地震灾害造成的间接经济损失,对地震间接经济损失与直接经济损失之间的比率关系进行分析研究,可为将来地震间接经济损失估计提供参考。